The protocol, signed 31 March 2008, to the income tax treaty between Australia and South Africa, signed on 1 July 1999, entered into force on 12 November 2008. The protocol is effective for Australia on 1 January 2009 for withholding taxes and on 1 July 2009 for other taxes and for South Africa on 12 November 2008 for withholding taxes and on 1 January 2009 for other taxes