On 9 September 2020, Kazakhstan's lower house of parliament (Mazhilis) approved the pending protocol to the 2008 income and capital tax treaty with Luxembourg. The protocol, signed 14 October 2019, is the second to amend the treaty and includes the addition of provisions to Article 10 (Dividends) regarding an exemption from withholding tax where the beneficial owner is the government of a Contracting State, the central bank, or certain other government-owned institutions. The protocol will enter into force once the ratification instruments are exchanged and will apply from 1 January of the year following its entry into force.