On 27 October 2016, Kazakhstan's Senate approved the law for the ratification of the tax residency agreement with Russia. The agreement was signed 22 February and 15 March 2016 by Kazakhstan and Russia respectively, and provides for simplified procedures for the confirmation of permanent residence for treaty purposes based on residency certificates issued by authorized authorities of either country. The agreement will enter into force after the ratification instruments are exchanged, and will apply retroactively from 1 January 2011.