In McDermott Industries (Aust) Pty Ltd v. FCT, the taxpayer company argued that it was not required to withhold tax on bare boat charter payments that it made to a Singaporean company (S-Co). Australia's Federal Commissioner of Taxation sought to apply a rule that a deduction for a royalty subject to withholding tax is not available to the paying company, unless it has paid the withholding tax (in which case the deduction becomes available in the year in which the royalty was incurred). The taxpayer's position was that royalty withholding tax was not payable because S-Co had a deemed permanent establishment under the tax treaty between Australia and Singapore to which the royalties related.